Which of the following best captures the essence of planned obsolescence?

The essence of planned obsolescence lies in the strategy where products are intentionally designed and produced in a way that they become outdated or unfashionable within a short period. This could be seen through the development of new models, features, or technologies that render previous versions less desirable, prompting consumers to upgrade or replace their items sooner than they might have otherwise. This approach encourages ongoing consumerism, as manufacturers aim to create a cycle of purchase and replacement rather than aiming for longevity and timelessness in their products.

While options associated with durability or permanent updates suggest a focus on longevity, they do not align with the concept of planned obsolescence, which thrives on the notion of creating a market for frequent replacements. Similarly, designing products for one-time use may imply disposability, but it doesn't fully encapsulate the broader strategy of making products go out of style or usefulness soon after their initial purchase.